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Icon Programming Language Version 8.10 Help Summaries Help summaries are available for each of the Icon executable programs (icont, iconx), and for many aspects of the Icon language itself. To see the help summaries, enter one of the following commands: ihelp icont # Icon translator & linker ihelp iconx # Icon interpreter ihelp expressions # summary of expressions & precedence ihelp functions # summary of functions ihelp operations # summary of operations ihelp keywords # list of keywords ihelp datatypes # list of Icon datatypes ihelp reserved # list of reserved words ihelp escapes # list of string escape sequences ihelp abbreviations # abbreviations used in help files ihelp <function name> # information on specific function ihelp about # bibliography and credits for help file - abs (N) : N # compute absolute value Produces the absolute value of N. - acos (r1) : r2 # compute arc cosine Produces the arc cosine of r1 in the range of 0 to pi for r1 in the range of -1 to 1. - any (c,s,i1,i2) : i3 # locate initial character Succeeds and produces i1 + 1 if s[i1] is in c and i2 > i1, but fails otherwise. Defaults: s &subject i1 &pos if s defaulted, otherwise 1 i2 0 - args (p) : i # get number of procedure arguments Produces the number of arguments for procedure p. For built-in procedures with a variable number of arguments, the value produced is -1. For declared procedures with a variable number of arguments, the value returned is the negative of the number of formal prameters. - bal (c1,c2,c3,s,i1,i2) : i3,i4,...,in # locate balanced characters Generates the sequence of integer positions in s preceding a character of c1 in s[i1:i2] that is balanced with respect to the characters of c2 and c3, but fails if there is no such position. Defaults: c1 &cset c2 '(' c3 ')' s &subject i1 &pos if s defaulted, otherwise 1 i2 0 - callout (x,x1,x2,...,xn) : xm # call external function Calls the external function specified by x with arguments x1, x2, ..., xn. The mechanism for locating the function specified by x is system dependent. - center (s1,i,s2) : s3 # position string at center Produces a string of size i in which s1 is centered, with s2 used for padding at left and right as necessary. Defaults: i 1 s2 " " (blank) - char (i) : s # produce character Produces a string of length 1 consisting of the character whose internal representation is i. - chdir (s) : n # change directory Changes the directory to s but fails if there is no such directory or if the change cannot be made. - close (f) : f # close file Produces f after closing it unless f was opened with the pipe ("p") option, in which case the integer exit status of the command is returned. - collect (i1,i2) : n # perform garbage collection Causes a garbage collectionin region i1, requesting i2 bytes of space in that region. It fails if the requested space is not available. The regions are identified as follows: 1 Static region 2 String region 3 Block region If i1 is 0, a collection is done, but no region is identified and i2 has no effect. The value of i2 is ignored for the static region. Defaults: i1 0 i2 0 - copy (x1) : x2 # copy value Produces a copy of x1 if x1 is a structure; otherwise it produces x1. - cos (r1) : r2 # compute cosine Produces the cosine of r1 in radians. - cset (x) # convert to cset Produces a cset resulting from converting x, but fails if the conversion is not possible. - delay (i) : n # delay execution Delays execution i milliseconds. - delete (X,x) : X # delete element If X is a set, deletes x from X. If X is a table, deletes the element for key x from X. Produces X. - detab (s1,i1,i2,...,in) : s2 # remove tabs Produces a string based on s1 in which each tab character is replaced by one or more blanks. Tab stops are at i1, i2, ..., in, with additional stops obtained by repeating the last interval. Default: i1 9 - display (i,f) : n # display variables Writes the image of the current co-expression and the values of the local variables in the current procedure call. If i > 0, the local variables in the i preceding procedure calls are displayed as well. After all local variables are displayed, the values of global variables are displayed. Output is written to f. Defaults: i &level f &errout - dtor (r1) : r2 # convert degrees to radians Produces the radian equivalent of r1 given in degrees. - entab (s1,i1,i2,...,in) : s2 # insert tabs Produces a string based on s1 in which runs of blanks are replaced by tabs. Tab stops are at i1, i2, ..., in, with additional stops obtained by repeating the last interval. Default: i1 9 - errorclear () : n # clear error indication Clears the indications of the last error. - exit (i) # exit program Terminates the program with exit status i. Default: i normal exit (system dependent) - exp (r1) : r2 # compute exponential Produces e raised to the power r1. - find (s1,s2,i1,i2) : i3,i4,...,in # find string Generates the sequence of integer positions in s2 at which s1 occurs as a substring in s2[i1:i2], but fails if there is no such position. Defaults: s2 &subject i1 &pos if s2 defaulted, otherwise 1 i2 0 - flush (f) : n # flush I/O buffer Flushes the input/output buffers for f. - function () : s1,s2,...,sn # generate function names Generates the names of the Icon (built-in) functions. - get (L) : x # get value from list Produces the leftmost element of L and removes it from L, but fails if L is empty; synonym for pop(L). - getenv (s1) : s2 # get value of environment variable Produces the value of environment variable s1, but fails if the variable is not set or environment variables are not supported. - iand (i1,i2) : i3 # compute bit-wise "and" Produces the bitwise "and" of i1 and i2. - icom (i1) : i2 # compute bit-wise complement Produces the bitwise complement (1's complement) of i1. - image (x) : s # produce string image Produces a string image of x. - insert (X,x1,x2) : X # insert element If X is a table, inserts the key x1 with value x2 into X. If X is a set, inserts x1 into X. Produces X. Default: x2 &null - integer (x) : i # convert to integer Produces the integer resulting from converting x, but fails if the conversion is not possible. - ior (i1,i2) : i3 # compute bit-wise inclusive "or" Produces the bitwise inclusive "or" of i1 and i2 - ishift (i1,i2) : i3 # shift bits Produces the result of shifting the bits in i1 by i2 positions. Positive values of i2 shift to the left, negative to the right. Vacated bit positions are zero-filled. - ixor (i1,i2) : i3 # compute bit-wise exclusive "or" Produces the bitwise exclusive "or" of i1 and i2. - key (T) : x1,x2,...,xn # generate keys from table Generates the keys in table T. - left (s1,i,s2) : s3 # position string at left Produces a string of size i in which s1 is positioned at the left, with s2 used for padding on the right as necessary. Defaults: i 1 s2 " " (blank) - list (i,x) : L # create list Produces a list of size i in which each value is x. Defaults: i 0 x &null - log (r1,r2) : r3 # compute logarithm Produces the logarithm of r1 to the base r2. Default: r2 e - many (c,s,i1,i2) : i3 # locate many characters Succeeds and produces the position in s after the longest initial sequence of characters in c in s[i1:i2]. It fails if s[i1] is not in c. Defaults: s &subject i1 &pos if s defaulted, otherwise 1 i2 0 - map (s1,s2,s3) : s4 # map characters Produces a string of size *s1 obtained by mapping characters of s1 that occur in s2 into corresponding characters in s3. Defaults: s2 string(&ucase) s3 string(&lcase) - match (s1,s2,i1,i2) : i3 # match initial string Produces i1 + *s1 if s1 == s2[i1+:*s1], but fails otherwise. Defaults: s2 &subject i1 &pos if s2 defaulted, otherwise 1 i2 0 - member (X,x) : x # test for membership If X is a set, succeeds if x is a member of X, but fails otherwise. If X is a table, succeeds if x is a key of an element in X, but fails otherwise. Produces x if it succeeds. - move (i) : s # move scanning position Produces &subject[&pos:&pos + i] and assigns i + &pos to &pos, but fails if i is out of range; reverses assignment to &pos if resumed. - name (x) : s # produce name Produces the name of the variable x. If x is an identifier or a keyword that is a variable, the name of the identifier or keyword is produced. If x is a record field reference, the record name and field name are produced with a separating period. If x is a string, the name of the string and the subscript range are shown. If x is a subscripted list or table, the type name followed by the subscripting expression is produced. - numeric (x) : N # convert to numeric Produces an integer or real number resulting from converting x, but fails if the conversion is not possible. - open (s1,s2) : f # open file Produces a file resulting from opening s1 according to options in s2, but fails if the file cannot be opened. The options are: "r" open for reading "w" open for writing "a" open for writing in append mode "b" open for reading and writing "c" create "t" translate line termination sequences to linefeeds "u" do not translate line termination sequences to linefeeds "p" pipe to/from a command -- UNIX The default mode is to translate line termination sequences to linefeeds on input and conversely on output. The untranslated mode should be used when reading and writing binary files. Default: s2 "rt" - ord (s) : i # produce ordinal Produces an integer (ordinal) between 0 and 255 that is the internal representation of the single character in s. - pop (L) : x # pop from list Produces the leftmost element of L and removes it from L, but fails if L is empty; synonym for get(L). - pos (i1) : i2 # test scanning position Produces &pos if &pos = i1, but fails otherwise. - proc (x,i) : p # convert to procedure Produces a procedure corresponding to the value of x, but fails if x does not correspond to a procedure. If x is the string name of an operator, i specifies the number of arguments: 1 for unary (prefix), 2 for binary (infix), and 3 for ternary. Default: i 1 - pull (L) : x # pull from list Produces the rightmost element of L and removes it from L, but fails if L is empty. - push (L,x) : L # push onto list Adds x to the left end of L and produces L. - put (L,x) : L # put onto list Adds x to the right end of L and produces L. - read (f) : s # read line Produces the next line from f, but fails on end of file. Default: f &input - reads (f,i) : s # read string Produces a string consisting of the next i characters from f, or the remaining characters of f if fewer remain, but fails on an end of file. In reads(), unlike read(), line termination sequences have no special significance. reads() should be used for reading binary data. Defaults: f &input i 1 - real (x) : r # convert to real Produces a real number resulting from type conversion of x, but fails if the conversion is not possible. - remove (s) : n # remove file Removes (deletes) the file named s, but fails if s cannot be removed. - rename (s1,s2) : n # rename file Renames the file named s1 to be s2, but fails if the renaming cannot be done. - repl (s1,i) : s2 # replicate string Produces a string consisting of i concatenations of s1. - reverse (s1) : s2 # reverse string Produces a string consisting of the reversal of s. - right (s1,i,s2) : s3 # position string at right Produces a string of size i in which s1 is positioned at the right, with s2 used for padding on the left as necessary. Defaults: i 1 s2 " " (blank) - rtod (r1) : r2 # convert radians to degrees Produces the degree equivalent of r1 given in radians. - runerr (i,x) # terminate with run-time error Terminates program execution with error i and offending value x. Default: x no offending value - save (s) : i # save executable image Saves an executable image of the current running program in the file named s and produces the size of the file, but fails if the file cannot be created. - seek (f,i) : f # seek to position in file Seeks to position i in f, but fails if the seek cannot be performed. The first byte in the file is at position 1. seek(f,0) seeks to the end of file f. - seq (i1,i2) : i3,i4,... # generate sequence of integers Generates an endless sequence of integers starting at i1 with increments of i2. Defaults: i1 1 i2 1 - set (L) : S # create set Produces a set whose members are the distinct values in the list L. Default: L [] - sin (r1) : r2 # compute sine Produces the sine of r1 given in radians. - sort (X,i) : L # sort structure Produces a list containing values from X. If X is a list or a set, sort(X,i) produces the values of X in sorted order. If X is a table, sort(X,i)produces a list obtained by sorting the elements of X, depending on the value of i. For Produces a list according to i: i = (1 | 2) Produces a list of two-element lists of key/value pairs from X; ordered by keys for i = 1, by values for i = 2. i = (3 | 4) Produces a list of size 2 * *X with each consecutive pair of elements consisting of a key and a value from X; ordered by keys for i = 3, by values for i = 4. Default: i 1 - sortf (X,i) : L # sort list or set by field Produces a sorted list of the values in X. Sorting is primarily by type and in most respects is the same as with sort(X,i). However, among lists and among records, two structures are ordered by comparing their ith fields. i can be negative but not zero. Two structures having the equal ith fields are ordered as they would be in regular sorting, but structures lacking an ith field appear before structures having them. Default: i 1 - sqrt (r1) : r2 # compute square root Produces the square root of r1. - stop (x1,x2,...,xn) # stop execution Terminates program execution with an error status after writing strings x1,x2,...,xn. If xi is a file, subsequent output is to xi. Initial output is to standard error output. Default: xi "" (empty string) - string (x) : s # convert to string Produces a string resulting from converting x, but fails if the conversion is not possible. - system (s) : i # call system function Calls the C library function "system" to execute s and produces the resulting integer exit status. - tab (i) : s # set scanning position Produces &subject[&pos:i] and assigns i to &pos, but fails if i is out of range. It reverses assignment to &pos if resumed. - table (x) : T # create table Produces a table with a default value x. Default: x &null - tan (r1) : r2 # compute tangent Produces the tangent of r1 given in radians. - trim (s1,c) : s2 # trim string Produces a string consisting of the characters of s1 up to the trailing characters contained in c. Default: c ' ' (blank) - type (x) : s # produce type name Produces a string corresponding to the type of x. - upto (c,s,i1,i2) : i3,i4,...,in # locate characters Generates the sequence of integer positions in s preceding a character of c in s[i1:i2]. It fails if there is no such position. Defaults: s &subject i1 &pos if s defaulted, otherwise 1 i2 0 - variable (s) : x # produce variable Produces the variable for the identifier or keyword named s, but fails if there is no such variable. Local identifiers override global identifiers. - where (f) : i # produce position in file Produces the current byte position in f. The first byte in the file is at position 1. - write (x1,x2,...,xn) : xn # write line Writes strings x1,x2,...,xn with a line termination sequence added at the end. If xi is a file, subsequent output is to xi. Initial output is to standard output. Default: xi "" (empty string) - writes (x1,x2,...,xn) # write string Writes strings x1,x2,...,xn without a line termination sequence added at the end. If xi is a file, subsequent output is to xi. Initial output is to standard output. Default: xi "" (empty string) - icont -- Icon translator and linker icont [option...] file... -c # translate only (no link) -o file # name icode file "file" -s # suppress progress messages -t # give &trace initial value of -1 -u # issue warnings for undeclared identifiers -E # preprocess only -- write to standard output See also: ihelp iconx - iconx -- Icon interpreter The Icon interpreter is normally invoked automatically when the name of an Icon program is entered as a command, but it can be invoked explicitly, too. iconx icode_file_name [arguments for Icon program.] Shell environment variables recognized by iconx =============================================== Name Default Description -------- ------- ----------------------- TRACE 0 Initial value for &trace. NOERRBUF undefined If set, &errout is not buffered. STRSIZE 65000 Initial size (bytes) of string region (strings). BLOCKSIZE 65000 Initial size (bytes) of block region (most objects). COEXPSIZE 2000 Size (long words) of co-expression blocks. MSTKSIZE 10000 Size (long words) of main interpreter stack. STATSIZE 20480 Initial size (bytes) of static region (co-expression blocks). STATINCR 1/4 of Increment used to expand static region. STATSIZE See also: ihelp icont - Expressions shown in order of decreasing precedence. Items in groups (as separated by empty lines) have equal precedence. High Precedence Expressions (expr) # grouping {expr1;expr2;...} # compound x(expr1,expr2,...) # invocation x{expr1,expr2,...} # " [expr1,expr2,...] # list expr.F # field reference expr1[expr2] # subscript expr1[expr2:expr3] # section expr1[expr2+:expr3] # " expr1[expr2-:expr3] # " Prefix Expressions not expr # success/failure reversal | expr # repeated alternation ! expr # element generation * expr # size + expr # numeric value - expr # negative . expr # value (dereference) / expr # null \ expr # non-null = expr # match and tab ? expr # random value ~ expr # cset complement @ expr # activation ^ expr # refresh Infix Expressions expr1 \ expr2 # limitation expr1 @ expr2 # transmission expr1 ! expr2 # invocation expr1 ^ expr2 # power expr1 * expr2 # product expr1 / expr2 # quotient expr1 % expr2 # remainder expr1 ** expr2 # intersection expr1 + expr2 # sum expr1 - expr2 # numeric difference expr1 ++ expr2 # union expr1 -- expr2 # cset or set difference expr1 || expr2 # string concatenation expr1 ||| expr2 # list concatenation expr1 < expr2 # numeric comparison expr1 <= expr2 # " expr1 = expr2 # " expr1 >= expr2 # " expr1 > expr2 # " expr1 ~= expr2 # " expr1 << expr2 # string comparison expr1 <<= expr2 # " expr1 == expr2 # " expr1 >>= expr2 # " expr1 >> expr2 # " expr1 ~== expr2 # " expr1 === expr2 # value comparison expr1 ~=== expr2 # " expr1 | expr2 # alternation expr1 to expr2 by expr3 # integer generation expr1 := expr2 # assignment expr1 <- expr2 # reversible assignment expr1 :=: expr2 # exchange expr1 <-> expr2 # reversible exchange expr1 op:= expr2 # (augmented assignments) expr1 ? expr2 # string scanning expr1 & expr2 # conjunction Low Precedence Expressions break [expr] # break from loop case expr0 of { # case selection expr1:expr2 ... [default:exprn] } create expr # co-expression creation every expr1 [do expr2] # iterate over generated values fail # failure of procedure if expr1 then exp2 [else exp3] # if-then-else next # go to top of loop repeat expr # loop return expr # return from procedure suspend expr1 [do expr2] # suspension of procedure until expr1 [do expr2] # until-loop while expr1 [do expr2] # while-loop - Functions and datatypes of arguments and produced values: abs(N) : N # compute absolute value acos(r1) : r2 # compute arc cosine any(c,s,i1,i2) : i3 # locate initial character args(p) : i # get number of procedure arguments bal(c1,c2,c3,s,i1,i2) : i3,i4,...,in # locate balanced characters callout(x,x1,x2,...,xn) : xm # call external function center(s1,i,s2) : s3 # position string at center char(i) : s # produce character chdir(s) : n # change directory close(f) : f # close file collect(i1,i2) : n # perform garbage collection copy(x1) : x2 # copy value cos(r1) : r2 # compute cosine cset(x) # convert to cset delay(i) : n # delay execution delete(X,x) : X # delete element detab(s1,i1,i2,...,in) : s2 # remove tabs display(i,f) : n # display variables dtor(r1) : r2 # convert degrees to radians entab(s1,i1,i2,...,in) : s2 # insert tabs errorclear() : n # clear error indication exit(i) # exit program exp(r1) : r2 # compute exponential find(s1,s2,i1,i2) : i3,i4,...,in # find string flush(f) : n # flush I/O buffer function() : s1,s2,...,sn # generate function names get(L) : x # get value from list getenv(s1) : s2 # get value of environment variable iand(i1,i2) : i3 # compute bit-wise "and" icom(i1) : i2 # compute bit-wise complement image(x) : s # produce string image insert(X,x1,x2) : X # insert element integer(x) : i # convert to integer ior(i1,i2) : i3 # compute bit-wise inclusive "or" ishift(i1,i2) : i3 # shift bits ixor(i1,i2) : i3 # compute bit-wise exclusive "or" key(T) : x1,x2,...,xn # generate keys from table left(s1,i,s2) : s3 # position string at left list(i,x) : L # create list log(r1,r2) : r3 # compute logarithm many(c,s,i1,i2) : i3 # locate many characters map(s1,s2,s3) : s4 # map characters match(s1,s2,i1,i2) : i3 # match initial string member(X,x) : x # test for membership move(i) : s # move scanning position name(x) : s # produce name numeric(x) : N # convert to numeric open(s1,s2) : f # open file ord(s) : i # produce ordinal pop(L) : x # pop from list pos(i1) : i2 # test scanning position proc(x,i) : p # convert to procedure pull(L) : x # pull from list push(L,x) : L # push onto list put(L,x) : L # put onto list read(f) : s # read line reads(f,i) : s # read string real(x) : r # convert to real remove(s) : n # remove file rename(s1,s2) : n # rename file repl(s1,i) : s2 # replicate string reverse(s1) : s2 # reverse string right(s1,i,s2) : s3 # position string at right rtod(r1) : r2 # convert radians to degrees runerr(i,x) # terminate with run-time error save(s) : i # save executable image seek(f,i) : f # seek to position in file seq(i1,i2) : i3,i4,... # generate sequence of integers set(L) : S # create set sin(r1) : r2 # compute sine sort(X,i) : L # sort structure sortf(X,i) : L # sort list or set by field sqrt(r1) : r2 # compute square root stop(x1,x2,...,xn) # stop execution string(x) : s # convert to string system(s) : i # call system function tab(i) : s # set scanning position table(x) : T # create table tan(r1) : r2 # compute tangent trim(s1,c) : s2 # trim string type(x) : s # produce type name upto(c,s,i1,i2) : i3,i4,...,in # locate characters variable(s) : x # produce variable where(f) : i # produce position in file write(x1,x2,...,xn) : xn # write line writes(x1,x2,...,xn) # write string - Operations and required datatypes prefix operations +N : N # compute positive -N : N # compute negative ~c1 : c2 # compute cset complement =s1 : s2 # match string in scanning @C : x # activate co-expression ^C1 : C2 # create refreshed co-expression *x : i # compute size ?x1 : x2 # generate random value !x : x1,x2,...,xn # generate values /x : x # check for null value \x : x # check for non-null value .x : x # dereference variable infix operations N1 + N2 : N3 # compute sum N1 - N2 : N3 # compute difference N1 * N2 : N3 # compute product N1 / N2 : N3 # compute quotient N1 % N2 : N3 # compute remainder N1 ^ N2 : N3 # compute exponential x1 ++ x2 : x3 # compute cset or set union x1 -- x2 : x3 # compute cset or set difference x1 ** x2 : x3 # compute cset or set intersection s1 || s2 : s3 # concatenate strings L1 ||| L2 : L3 # concatenate lists R.F : x # get field of record x1 @ C : x2 # transmission value to co-expression x1 & x2 : x2 # evaluate in conjunction N1 < N2 : N2 # compare numerically N1 <= N2 : N2 # " N1 = N2 : N2 # " N1 >= N2 : N2 # " N1 > N2 : N2 # " N1 ~= N2 : N2 # " s1 << s2 : s2 # compare lexically s1 <<= s2 : s2 # " s1 == s2 : s2 # " s1 >>= s2 : s2 # " s1 >> s2 : s2 # " s1 ~== s2 : s2 # " x1 === x2 : x2 # compare values x1 ~=== x2 : x2 # " x1 := x2 : x1 # assign value x1 op:= x2 : x1 # augmented assignment x1 :=: x2 : x1 # exchange values x1 <- x2 : x1 # assign value reversibly x1 <-> x2 : x1 # exchange values reversibly - Keywords &allocated : i1,i2,i3,i4 # accumulated bytes allocated # (total,static,string,block) &ascii : c # cset of ascii characters &clock : s # current time of day &collections : i1,i2,i3,i4 # collection count # (total,static,string,block) &cset : c # cset of all characters ¤t : C # current co-expression &date : s # current date &dateline : s # current date and time &digits : c # cset of digits 0-9 &e : r # base of natural logarithms, 2.71828... &error : i # run-time error conversion control &errornumber : i # run-time error number &errortext : s # run-time error message text &errorvalue : x # run-time error offending value &errout : f # standard error output file &fail # fails &features : s1,s2,...,sn # implementation features &file : s # current source code file name &host : s # string identifying host computer &input : f # standard input file &lcase : c # cset of lower case letters a-z &letters : c # cset of all letters A-Za-z &level : i # level of current procedure call &line : i # current source code line number &main : C # main co-expression &null : n # the null value &output : f # standard output file &phi : r # The golden ratio, 1.61803... &pi : r # The value of pi, 3.14159... &pos : i # string scanning position &random : i # random number seed ®ions : i1,i2,i3 # current region size # (static,string,block) &source : C # activator of current co-expression &storage : i1,i2,i3 # current bytes allocated # (static,string,block) &subject : s # string scanning subject &time : i # current run time in milliseconds &trace : i # procedure tracing control &ucase : c # cset of upper case letters A-Z &version : s # version of Icon - Datatypes null(n) string(s) co-expression(C) table(T) integer(i) cset(c) procedure(p) set(S) real(r) file(f) list(L) <record types>(R) (see also "Abbreviations") - Reserved words break do global next repeat to by else if not return until case end initial of static while create every link procedure suspend default fail local record then - Escapes in string and cset constants \b backspace \v vertical tab \d delete(rubout) \' single quote \e escape (altmode) \" double quote \f formfeed \\ backslash \l linefeed (newline) \ddd octal code \n newline (linefeed) \xdd hexadecimal code \r carriage return \^c control code \t horizontal tab - Abbreviations used in Icon help files (and other Icon literature) c cset C co-expression f file L list i integer N numeric (i or r) n null R record (any record type) p procedure S set r real T table s string X any structure type (L, R, S, or T) x any type F field of record - About the Icon Programming Language Help File Information used in this help file was obtained from the following sources: Griswold, Ralph E. and Madge T. Griswold. "The Icon Programming Language, Second Edition", Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 1990. Griswold, Ralph E. ICONT(1), manual page for "UNIX Programmer's Manual", Department of Computer Science, The University of Arizona. 1988. Griswold, Ralph E., Clinton L. Jeffery, Gregg M. Townsend, and Kenneth Walker. "Version 8.6 of the Icon Programming Language", IPD188, Department of Computer Science, The University of Arizona. 1992. Further information on the Icon Programming Language can be obtained from: Icon Project Department of Computer Science Gould-Simpson Building The University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 U.S.A. (602) 621-2018 icon-project@cs.arizona.edu (Internet) ...{uunet,allegra,noao}!arizona!icon-project (uucpnet) April 2, 1992.